Twenty-three varieties of Clematis have documented use in herbal medicine: Clematis alternata, Clematis apiifolia, Clematis barbellata, Clematis brachyura, Clematis buchananiana, Clematis columbiana - Rock Clematis, Clematis connata, Clematis douglasii - Hairy Clematis, Clematis flammula - Fragrant Virgin's Bower, Clematis chinensis - Wei Ling Xian, Clematis ianthina, Clematis ligusticifolia - White Clematis, Clematis mandschurica, Clematis microphylla, Clematis orientalis, Clematis patens, Clematis pierotii, Clematis recta, Clematis serratifolia, Clematis terniflora - Sennin-So, Clematis tibetana, Clematis trichotoma, Clematis vitalba - Traveller's Joy
None are native to my region, the shrub-form Clematis ochroleuca and the vine-forms, Clematis catesbyana (Satin-curls, Coastal Virgin's-bower), Clematis crispa (Swamp Leatherflower), Clematis glaucophylla (White-leaved Leatherflower), Clematis occidentalis var. occidentalis (Purple Clematis, Mountain Clematis), Clematis viorna (Northern Leatherflower, Vasevine) and Clematis virginiana (Virgin's-bower). Clematis terniflora (Sweet Autumn Clematis) is also naturalized in my region... but many non-natives are grown ornamentally. You will likely encounter nearly all of these either being grown in pots or flower gardens, or having “escaped” into the wild. It is important to be able to identify Clematis, because some (if not all) are toxic to varying degrees…. even though many are gathered in the young shoot stage as a wild edible. These plants are members of the Ranunculaceae or Buttercup family, which are known to cause skin irritation, blistering and vomiting.
Dioscorides wrote:
Clematis grows in good soil. It has small vinelike branches, as much as the thickness of juncus and a little leaf similar to laurel both in shape and colour, but much smaller. A decoction of the leaves and the stalks of this (taken as a drink with wine) lessen excessive discharges of the bowels and dysentery. Applied in a pessary with milk and rosaceum it cures pains of the womb. Chewed, it eases toothache; applied, it helps those bitten by venomous creatures. It is said that a decoction (taken as a drink with vinegar) helps those bitten by snakes. It grows in untilled ground. It is also called daphnoides, myrsinoides, polygonoides, or philetaerium.
There is another clematis which sends out a vinelike branch, reddish, flexible; the leaf extremely sharp to the taste and ulcerating. It winds around trees like smilax. The seed of this (pounded into small pieces and taken as a drink with water or honey water) drives phlegm and bile downward. The leaves (applied as a poultice) drive away leprosy. They are preserved with lepidium [2-205] to eat with meat [vegetable]. It is also called epigetis, the Egyptians call it phylacuum, and the Romans, ambuxus.
Clematitis sends out somewhat reddish pliant branches, and leaves especially sharp to the taste and ulcerating. It winds around trees like smilax. A decoction of the seed of this (pounded into small pieces and taken as a drink with water or honey water) drives phlegm and bile downwards. The leaves applied remove leprosy. It is preserved in salt with lepidium to be eaten.
Mrs. Grieve tells us:
A perennial plant, stem about 3 feet high, leafy, striated, herbaceous, greenish or reddish; leaves large opposite, leaflets five to nine pubescent underneath, petioled; flowers, white in upright stiff terminal umbels, peduncles several times ternate; seeds dark brown, smooth, orbicular, much compressed, tails long yellowish, plumose; time for collecting when beginning to flower.
The leaves and flowers have an acrid burning taste, the acridity being greatly diminished by drying.
Medicinal Action and Uses---The leaves and flowers when bruised irritate the eyes and throat giving rise to a flow of tears and coughing; applied to the skin they produce inflammation and vesication, hence the name Flammula Jovis. They are diuretic and diaphoretic, and are useful locally and internally in syphilitic, cancerous and other foul ulcers. Best suited to fair people, much used by homoeopathists for eye affections, gonorrhoeal symptoms and inflammatory conditions.
The Cherokee used Virgin’s Bower as an ingredient in a formula for “urinary trouble”,:
… for yellow, painful urination. A root tea is drunk by children or adults for kidney trouble, “When the water won’t stop.”
Towards and American Materia Medica tells us:
Dr. Storck, of Vienna, has called the attention of physicians to a species of Clematis, or Virgin's-Bower, the Clematis recta J. This is a very acrid and active plant, which Storck recommended in cancerous, venereal and other malignant ulcers, and also in obstinate
pains of the head, and bones, and in other diseases. An infusion of the flowers or leaves, and an extract of the plant were used internally. The powder was sprinkled upon the ulcers, where it was found to act as an excellent escharotic and detergent. .
I do not know that the Clematis recta is a native of any part of America. I have been led to mention the plant in this place, because the United- States afford us some species of the same genus, which, from a few experiments that I have made with them, promise to be useful in medicine. The species which I have more particularly attended to, are Clematis crispa, and Clematis Viorna. The leaves of these species are extremely acrid, and may be found useful in chronic rheumatism, palsy, old ulcers; and, inline, in all the diseases in which Storck found the Clematis recta useful. As they are very active plants, it is necessary to use them in small doses. I have received some obscure information concerning the employment of one of the species (I think C. crispa), in Virginia, as a remedy in some particular affections.
Dr. Schoepf has made no mention of these plants, but has proposed the employment of Clematis Virginiana, as a substitute for Clematis rectaf. The C. Yirginiaua is a much more feeble plant than either of the three other species which have been mentioned.
Resources of The Southern Fields and Forests tells us:
CRISPED CLEMATIS; BLUE JESSAMINE, {aematis crispa, Linn.) Not of Ell. Sk., which is the C. cyllndrica, T. and Gray. Grows in damp, rich soils, and in swamps in the low country of South Carolina; vicinit}- of Charleston, Dr. Bachman. Newborn, Croom. J. C. Curtis. Fl. May. Mer. and de. L. Diet, de M. Med. ii, 311; U. S. Disp. 1244; Shec. Flora Carol. 418.
This plant is substituted for the C. erecta, mentioned by Storck, and is employed in secondary syphilis, ulcers, porrigo, etc; given internally, with the powdered leaves applied to the sore. It acts also as a diaphoretic and diuretic. Merat says it possesses the properties of the C. vitalba, which is a dangerous vegetable caustic, used as a substitute for cantharides, and applied to rheumatic limbs, and in paralysis and gout. The decoction of the root is alterative and purgative ; and is also said to be valuable in Washing sores and ulcers, in order to change the mode of their vitality, and to make them cicatrize. Shecut remarks that "the Spanish or blistering flies are very fond of the Clematis crispa, and it would be well for medical gentlemen in the country to propagate the plant about their residences, in order to secure a constant succession of these valuable insects."See Potato, Convolvulus." The American species are deserving of particular attention, and I would invite further investigation of them. The taste of the flower and seed vessel of the Clematis is exceedingly pungent, and the juice irritates the skin, as I have myself experienced.
TRAVELLER'S-JOY; LEATHER FLOWER, (Clematis vlonia, L.) Grows in middle and upper districts of South Carolina. Elliott. N. C, Curtis. Fl. July. Shec. Flora Carol. 489 ; Griffith's Med. Bot. 86 ; U. S. Disp. 1244.
This, and the following, have also a caustic property, and arc employed internally as diuretics and sudorifics in chronic rheumatism; and externally, in the treatment of eruptions, and as vesicants. Shecut says that a yellow dye may be extracted from both leaves and branches; the latter are sufticiently tough to make withs and fagots. The fibrous shoots may be converted into paper, and the wood is yellow, compact, and odoriferous, furnishing an excellent material for veneering.
King’s Medical Dispensatory of 1898 states:
The Clematis virginiana is a native of the United States, and grows by river banks, in hedges and thickets, from Canada to Georgia and the Mississippi. It flowers in July and August; the parts used are the bark, leaves, and blossoms, which yield their virtues to water or alcohol. The leaves should be gathered when they are fully grown, say in August. The fresh drug only should be employed, as most of its properties are dissipated in drying. Clematis is not found as a drug in commerce. Alcohol takes up the properties of clematis, yielding a green tincture, which, upon exposure to light, turns brown. This and all of the below-mentioned species of Clematis have been used in medicine to some extent, but only this species and Clematis recta are now employed, and chiefly in domestic practice and by Homoeopathic physicians. Though never favorite remedies, they have probably fallen into undeserved neglect on account of having been used in the dried instead of the fresh state. They should be given a proper trial, and their worth or worthlessness established.
Description.—The leaves and flowers are described above. "The stem attains a diameter at the base from ½ inch to 1 inch, and has a spongy, ligneous texture. When recent, it is covered with a thin brown bark. The wood is coarsely divided into distinct medullary rays, between which, when the plant is recent, are deposited layers of a greenish substance, which contains the acrid principles." (J. U. Lloyd, in Drugs and Med. of N. A., Vol. I, p. 7).
Chemical Composition.—According to Rafinesque (1830) a peculiar body resembling gluten, and known as clematin, exists in the flowers of C. virginiana and C. Viorna. The fresh plant (Clematis virginiana), according to Prof. J. U. Lloyd, who examined it chemically, has a peculiar, unpleasant odor, and a taste at first rank and disagreeable, but, after prolonged chewing, becomes acrid and irritating, not followed by pain, but rather leaving "a dry, metallic-like roughness of the tongue and mouth." When distilled with water a neutral distillate, having an odor recalling that of skunk-cabbage, was obtained. This odor may be removed by agitation with chloroform or benzol. If this solution be spontaneously evaporated, "a colorless, oily substance remains, which is the characteristic principle of the plant, but which evaporates by exposure." He found the distillate, when inhaled, to be a pulmonary irritant, giving a sensation similar to that produced by sulphurous acid gas. No alkaloid, either volatile or fixed, was found. Besides the usual plant constituents the plant contains grape-sugar. (See paper by Prof. J. U. Lloyd, in Drugs and Med. of N. A., Vol. I, p. 10).
Action, Medical Uses, and Dosage.—The various species of clematis, when applied to the skin in a fresh state, blister it; and if taken internally, act as corrosive poisons. Both drying and boiling destroy the virulent property. They have been used externally in the treatment of several cutaneous affections, and in form of a liniment, made with oil, for the cure of itch; internally, as diuretics and sudorifics in chronic rheumatism, palsy, etc., in minute doses. The extract, in doses of 1 or 2 grains, is recommended for osteocopic pains. The green leaves bruised are sometimes employed to produce vesication, also, as an escharotic and detergent for venereal and other foul and indolent u1cers.
Clematis virginiana has been highly spoken of as a nervine in uterine diseases. Place 2 drachms of the dried leaf into a cup filled with hot water, cover it, and allow it to stand until the liquid is cool enough to drink; strain, sweeten with sugar if desired, and let the patient drink it at once. Repeat as often as may be required, the doses being regulated by its effects upon the system.
Like Clematis recta (which see), this species produces painful eczema-like eruptions, which may result in small painful ulcerations. Prof. E. M. Hale, M.D., has found it fully equal to Clematis recta, being particularly useful in nervous insomnia, neuralgic and rheumatic headache, toothache, reflex neuroses of women from ovarian or urinary irritation, neuroses of men with pain in testicles and bladder, cystitis, urethritis, gonorrhoea, orchitis, and swellings of the inguinal glands. Following the law of similia, he also found it useful in "eczema, herpes zoster, and pustular eruptions on the scalp and face of children." A good tincture may be prepared as follows: Clematis (fresh stem, leaves, and flowers), 1 part; alcohol, 2 parts; bruise to an even pulp, add the alcohol, mix thoroughly, and allow to macerate in a close vessel for 10 days. Express and filter (D. and M. of N. A.). Ɣ As clematis acts very much after the manner of pulsatilla and its congeners, it should be tried in fractional doses in the complaints for which such drugs have an established reputation. (For uses of other species see Related Species). Dose, 1/10 to 5 drops, well diluted.
Related Species.—Prof. Landerer, of Greece (1877), reported a case of epilepsy cured after futile attempts with other medicine, by a species of Clematis, either C. cirrhosa or C. sylvestris. Also rubefacient and vesicant.
Clematis recta (erecta), Linné. Upright Virgin's bower.—The Flammula Jovis of old medical writers and the first species introduced as a medicine (D. and M. of N. A.). This species, like others of its family, will produce a painful pustular, eczema-like eruption, which may result in blebs or bullae, and even develop into small painful ulcers. It has been used to some extent in Homoeopathy, and is mentioned by Prof. Webster (Dynam. Therap.) in the conditions named below. It appears to affect both the male and female reproductive organs, influencing both the testes and ovaries. Ovarian indurations and chronic gonorrhoeal orchitis are said to be relieved by it. It is also reputed useful in other after-effects of gonorrhoea, as gleet and incipient stricture. It relieves irritation of the urinary tract, especially the vesical irritation of nervous women with ovarian derangements. Dysuria and urinal retention are also occasionally benefited by it. Homoeopathists employ it in chronic scrofulous and syphilitic skin diseases, especially when mercurialization has been carried too far. Foul, vesicular, and pustular eruptions, ulcers, syphilitic excrescences, eczema, and irritated and swollen eyelids, involving the meibomian glands, are conditions in which they claim success from its use. A Homoeopathic tincture may be used in the proportion of 10 to 15 drops to 4 fluid ounces of water, the dose of which is a teaspoonful several times a day. Störck (1769) employed Clematis recta in old ulcers, secondary syphilis headache, and carcinoma. He also pointed out its diuretic action, a view confirmed by Sauveur, in 1866, who claims to have cured Bright's disease with its infusion.
Clematis Vitalba, Linné.—The common species of Europe and only one in England. "Virgin's bower, Traveler's joy, Love vine, White vine, Ladies' bower, Old Man's beard, Smoke wood, Wild vine, Bind-with, Hedge vine, and Climbers" (D. and M. of N. A.), Wild clematis. Gaube extracted a principle from this plant to which he gave the name clematine. It is alkaline, and forms a neutral compound with sulphuric acid, which crystallizes in hexagonal needles. Besides this principle, he also detected an essential oil, to which it owes it properties, tannin, mucilaginous substances, and a small amount of earthy salts.
The seeds of clematis, given in infusion, have been found serviceable in albuminuria, even when general anasarca, amblyopia, incipient hypertrophy of the left ventricle, without valvular lesion, and which condition is, as M. Traube has shown, always a result of abnormal conditions of the kidneys, and other symptoms peculiar to this disease were present. The effects of the remedy were quite prompt, a profuse diuresis, followed by a gradual diminution of albumin in the urine, and a rapid disappearance of the anasarca, and other symptoms. This infusion has likewise proved efficient in other serous affections due to other maladies of the abdominal viscera (Prof. Sauveur, 1886). The roots of the C. Vitalba, boiled for a short time to diminish their acrimony, and then infused in boiling oil, were applied to the skin several times a day, in itch, and a cure was effected in 12 or 15 applications. The plant, boiled in oil and mixed with wax and verdigris, was formerly esteemed a remedy for tinea.
Clematis Viorna, Linné, or Leather flower, which is more common in the western states, and may be found growing in woods from Pennsylvania southward, may, probably, be employed as a substitute for the above. It differs from it in having a cylindrical, striate stem; with opposite, decompound, pinnately divided leaves, consisting of from 9 to 12 ovate-lanceolate leaflets, acute at each end, entire or 3-lobed; flowers large, purple, nodding, solitary, axillary, campanulate; sepals thick, leathery, acuminate, and peduncles from 3 to 6 inches long, with a pair of small, simple, entire leaves near the middle (W.).
Clematis Pitcheri, Torrey and Gray.—From Illinois westward. This and above species are probably varieties of the same species. It has single, dull-purple flowers, having thick, leathery, valvate sepals. It is also known as Leather flower.
Clematis crispa, Linné.—Southern United States. This is thought to be the most acrid of the indigenous species. It is known in the south as Blue jasmine and Curled Virgin's bower. It has single nodding flowers, with "purplish-blue sepals, with dilated thin margins" (D. and M. of N. A.).
Clematis Flammula, Sweet-scented Virgin's bower.—France and other parts of south Europe. Has fragrant white flowers and is cultivated for ornamentation (D. and M. of N. A.).
Clematis Viticella, Linné; Blue clematis.—South Europe, particularly France. Cultivated, and has blue flowers (D. and M. of N. A.). Formerly esteemed in itch and leprosy.
Clematis verticillaris, De Candolle; Whorl-leaved Virgin's bower.—Rare northern species. "It has large, 4-sepaled, purple flowers, with thin, spreading sepals" (D. and M. of N. A.). Cultivated for ornament.
Clematis alpina, Miller.—Southern Europe, in mountainous regions. Analogous to preceding (D. and M. of N. A.).
Clematis ligusticifolia, Nuttall; Wild sarsaparilla.—Western United States. Closely resembles Clematis virginiana. Root used by New Mexico Indians as an alterative (D. and M. of N. A.)
Clematis dioica, Linné.—Jamaica. Used as a rubefacient (D. and M. of N. A.). The root, boiled with sea water, acts as a powerful hydragogue cathartic, and is useful in dropsy; and an infusion of the leaves and flowers removes spots and freckles from the skin.
Clematis mauritiana, Linné.—Madagascar. "Probably the most acrid of all the genus" (D. and M. of N. A.). Employed by the negroes of the Isle of France to blister the cheek for the relief of toothache.
Jethro Kloss wrote:
VIRGIN’S BOWER (Clematis virginiana)
Common Names: Common virgin’s bower, traveler’s joy.
Part Used: Leaves, flowers.
Medicinal Properties: Stimulant, diuretic, sudorific, vesicant.
Description and Uses: Will relieve severe headaches. Combine with other herbs in poultices for cancer, ulcers, and bed sores. Combine with other herbs in ointments for cancer, itching, and ulcers. For internal use, steep a heaping teaspoonful in a cup of boiling water for thirty minutes, strain, take a tablespoonful four to six times a day.
Plants for A Future States:
Medicinal use of Clematis alternata: The juice of the plant is dripped into the eye in the treatment of conjunctivitis, though it does make the eye painful for about an hour.
Medicinal use of Clematis apiifolia: An infusion of the stems is used in the treatment of colic, dysentery, dyspepsia and sweating. The plant is carminative and digestive. It is also used in the treatment of dysentery.
Medicinal use of Clematis barbellata: The juice of the leaves is used to relieve stomach aches, especially those caused by indigestion, diarrhoea and dysentery. The juice is placed inside the nostrils to relieve sinusitis. The leaves are crushed and then sniffed to relieve headaches
Medicinal use of Clematis buchananiana: A paste of the roots is used as a poultice to treat swellings caused by inflammation. The juice of the root is used in the treatment of peptic ulcers. The juice is also inhaled to get rid of coughs and colds. A paste of the stem or root bark is kept pressed against the teeth for about 15 minutes to relieve toothache. The juice of the plant is applied externally to cuts and wounds. It is also taken internally in the treatment of indigestion. The leaf juice is taken internally, and is also applied externally to the forehead, in the treatment of coughs and colds. It is also warmed and placed inside the nose when treating sinusitis.
Medicinal use of Rock Clematis: A poultice of the pounded, dampened leaves has been applied to the feet to treat sweaty feet. A cold infusion of the plant can be used as a lotion on swollen knees and ankles. The plant has been used as a head wash and to treat scabs and eczema.
Medicinal use of Clematis connata: The juice of the plant is inhaled to relieve sinusitis
Medicinal use of Hairy Clematis: A decoction of the leaves has been used to treat headaches. The root has been used in the treatment of congested nose pain.
Medicinal use of Wei Ling Xian: The root is anodyne, antidote, antiperiodic, antispasmodic, carminative, diuretic and sedative. A decoction is taken internally in the treatment of rheumatism and arthritis, tetanus and cold-type stomach-ache. The root is harvested in the autumn and dried for later use. The whole plant is antirheumatic. The plant has a history of folk use in the treatment of cancer. The root contains anemonin, this has antibacterial, analgesic, sedative and antispasmodic actions. It also inhibits the heart and central nervous system and is rubefacient.
Medicinal use of White Clematis: White clematis was employed medicinally by a number of native North American Indian tribes who used it to treat a variety of complaints, but especially as an external application on sores etc. It is rarely used in modern herbalism but probably merits investigation. A decoction of the plant is used to treat colds and sore throats. It has also been used as a general tonic when feeling out of sorts. An infusion of the white bark has been used as a febrifuge. An infusion of the roots has been used to treat headaches and stomach aches. A poultice of the foliage has been used to treat chest pains and rheumatic joints. An infusion of the plant has been used as a wash for skin eruptions, sores, wounds, backaches, swollen limbs, tired feet, syphilitic sores, eczema etc. The stalks and roots have been used to make a woman's contraceptive. A poultice made from the cut stems has been applied to the teeth for treating toothache. A poultice of the mashed, moistened seeds has been applied to severe burns.
Medicinal use of Clematis mandschurica: The root is analgesic, antibacterial, antidiuretic, antifungal, emmenagogue and hypotensive. It contains several medically active constituents including clematosides, hederagenin and anemonin. It is used in Korea in the treatment of leucorrhoea, dysentery, neuralgia, menostasis and delayed menstruation.
Medicinal use of Clematis orientalis: The plant is antiseptic and refrigerant. It is used as a gargle for ulcerated throats and also to treat dog bites.
Medicinal use of Clematis recta: The flowers and leaves are diaphoretic, diuretic and rubefacient. They are taken both internally and externally in the treatment of syphilitic, cancerous and other foul ulcers. Caution is advised since this is a poisonous plant. A homeopathic remedy is made from the plant. It is used in the treatment of rheumatism and skin eruptions.
Medicinal use of Sennin-So: Antidote, antiscrofulatic, ophthalmic. Used in the treatment of corneal opacities.
Medicinal use of Clematis tibetana: The stem and flowers are used in Tibetan medicine, they are considered to have and acrid and sweet taste with a heating potency. They promote stomach heat and destroy "cold tumours". They are used in the treatment of skin irritations and itches, and tumours.
Medicinal use of Traveller's Joy: The leaves are analgesic, diuretic and rubefacient. The boiled roots and stems are used as a cure for the itch. When applied in the nostrils, the plant juice has been used to relieve migraine attacks, but it can also destroy the mucous membranes. The plant should not be taken internally because it is poisonous. A homeopathic remedy is made from the plant. It is used in the treatment of rheumatism and skin eruptions. The plant is used in Bach flower remedies - the keywords for prescribing it are "Indifference", "Dreaminess", "Inattention" and "Unconsciousness". It is also one of the five ingredients in the "Rescue remedy"
Botany in A Day tells us of Virgin’s Bower:
A tea of the plant acts as a vasoconstrictor on the brain lining, but also as a dilator on the blood vessels. It is taken for migraine headaches. The plant is used externally as a stimulating poultice. It is listed as diaphoretic and diuretic.
Peterson Field Guides Eastern/Central Medicinal Plants tells us:
Virgin’s Bower - liniment once used by physicians for skin eruptions, itching, weak leaf tea used for insomnia, nervous headaches, nervous twitching and uterine diseases. Warning: Toxic; highly irritating to skin and mucus membranes. Ingestion may cause bloody vomiting, severe diarrhea and convulsions.
The PDR for Herbal Medicine states:
Clematis recta: The fresh plant induces blisters on the skin. And mucus membranes and is a fungicide. Sun plants are more effective than shade plants.
This article is an excerpt from
Medicinal Shrubs and Woody Vines of The American Southeast An Herbalist's Guide
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Author: Judson Carroll. Judson Carroll is an Herbalist from the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina.
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Disclaimer
The information on this site is not intended to diagnose or treat any disease or condition. Nothing on this site has been evaluated or approved by the FDA. I am not a doctor. The US government does not recognize the practice of herbal medicine and their is no governing body regulating herbalists. Therefore, I'm just a guy who studies herbs. I am not offering any advice. I won't even claim that anything I write is accurate or true! I can tell you what herbs have "traditionally been used for." I can tell you my own experience and if I believe an herb helped me. I cannot, nor would I tell you to do the same. If you use any herb I, or anyone else, mentions you are treating yourself. You take full responsibility for your health. Humans are individuals and no two are identical. What works for me may not work for you. You may have an allergy, sensitivity or underlying condition that no one else shares and you don't even know about. Be careful with your health. By continuing to read my blog you agree to be responsible for yourself, do your own research, make your own choices and not to blame me for anything, ever.
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